1．abstract adj. & n.
（1）抽象的；深奥的
e.g.We may talk of beautiful things, but beauty itself is abstract.
我们尽可能谈论美的事物，然而美本身却是抽象的。
abstract noun 抽象名词
（2）抽象；抽象的概念；抽象性
e.g.a painter of abstracts 抽象画的画家
（3）摘要
e.g.an abstract of a lecture 讲演的摘要
常用搭配：in the abstract 抽象地；在理论上
[课文原句]：These words might help you in your discussions:…abstract…
2．belief n. 信念；信心；信仰（常与介词in连用）
This has shaken my belief in doctors.
那件事动摇了我对医生的信心。(trust，信任，信心)
We must have belief in the masses.
我们必须相信群众。(have belief in =believe in)
It is my belief that he is right.
我相信他是对的。(belief引导同位语从句)
提示：
（1）belief常用可数名词的复数形式指所相信的事物、信念、信条。如：
my religious beliefs 我的宗教信念/信仰
（2）固定表达：beyond belief 无法令人置信(too strange to be believed)
（3）belief常用在名词性从句中（同位语从句、表语从句等）。
[课文原句]：Art is influenced by the way of life and beliefs of the people, and China, unlike Europe, has followed a similar way of life for a very long time.
3．consequent adj. 作为结果的；随之发生的
e.g.his resignation and the consequent public uproar
他的辞职以及由此而引起的公众的哗然
consequently adv. 所以；因而
e.g.My car broke down and consequently I was late.
我的汽车坏了，所以我迟到了。
[课文原句]：Consequently, this text will describe only a few of the main styles, starting from the 5th century AD.
4．symbol n. 象征，符号
The dove is a symbol of peace.
鸽子是和平的象征。
chemical symbols 化学符号
[课文原句]：Instead, they were interested in creating respect and love for God, and paintings from this period are full of religious symbols.
5．permanent adj. 永久的；持久的；不大可能改变的
e.g.She is looking for permanent employment.
她正在找固定的工作。
my permanent address 我的固定地址
[课文原句]：There are no permanent displays in this painting and sculpture.
6．convince vt. 使确信；使信服
e.g.How can I convince you of her honesty?
我怎样才能使你相信她很诚实呢？
What she said convinced me that I was mistaken.
她的一番话使我认识到我错了。
I was convinced I saw you there, but it must have been someone else.
我原来真以为看见你在那里，一定是看错了人。
[课文原句]：When people fist saw his paintings they were convinced they were looking through a hole in the wall at a real scene.
7．ridiculous adj. 荒谬的；可笑的
e.g.You look ridiculous in those tight jeans.
你穿上那紧身牛仔裤样子真可笑。
What a ridiculous idea!
多么荒谬的念头！
ridicule n. & v. 嘲弄；戏弄；嘲笑
e.g.He’s become an object of ridicule.
他成了大家嘲笑的对象。（n.）
The opposition ridiculed the government’s proposals, saying they offered nothing new.
反对派揶揄政府的建议，说成是老调重弹。（v.）
[课文原句]：They said the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.
8．controversial adj. 争论的；争议的
e.g.a controversial person, decision, organization, book
有争议的人物、决定、组织、书
controversialist n. 善辩者；好辩者
[课文原句]：At the time they were created, the impressionists’ paintings were controversial but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we now call “modern art”.
9．nowadays adv. 现今；现在
e.g.Nowadays, children often prefer watching TV to reading.
如今，儿童常爱看电视而不爱看书。
[课文原句]：Nowadays, there are scores of modern art styles, but without the impressionists many of these painting styles would not exist.
10．attempt
（1）vt. 试图；企图；试图做（try to do sth.）
e.g.They attempted to finish the task before July.
他们试图在七月前完成这项任务。(attempt to do sth.)
She attempted escaping.
她试图逃跑。（attempt doing sth.）
They attempted the life of the dictator.
他们试图杀死这个独裁者。
（2）n. 企图；尝试；攻击
e.g.He made an attempt on the world record.
他试图打破世界记录。(make an attempt on sth.)
Her attempt at poetry was a failure.
她尝试写诗失败了。
Several attempts have been made on the president’s life.
已经有人三番五次试图谋杀总裁。(attempt on sth.)
[课文原句]：Some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them.
11．predict vt. 预言；预料
e.g.The weather forecast predicts rain for tomorrow.
天气预报说明天有雨。
She predicted that she would marry a doctor.
她预测她会嫁给一个医生。
predictable adj. 可预言的；可预报的
prediction n. 预言；预报
[课文原句]：It is interesting to predict what styles of painting there will be in the future.
12．aggressive adj. 攻击的；挑斗的；挑衅的
e.g.dogs trained to be aggressive 训练成攻击性的狗
He is too aggressive. 他十分好斗。
an aggressive foreign policy 侵略性的外交政策
aggressive weapons 攻击性的武器
[课文原句]：Sally is not an aggressive person.
13．exhibition n. 展览，陈列；展览会；表现，显示；公开示范表演
e.g.Have you seen the Picasso exhibition?
你参观过毕加索的画展吗？
an exhibition of bad manners 无礼的表现
The quiz was a good opportunity for the exhibition of his knowledge.
这次测验是他显示知识的好机会。
常用搭配：make an exhibition of oneself 当众出丑；出洋相
[课文原句]：The exhibition is always changing.
14．contemporary adj. 当代的；同时代的
e.g.Many contemporary writers condemned the emperor’s actions.
当时的许多作家都谴责该皇帝的行经。
a contemporary record of events
同时代的大事记
contemporary events, fashions
当代事件、款式
[课文原句]：The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American painting and sculpture.
15．avenue n. 林荫道；大街；道路；途径
e.g.There are many avenues in this park.
这个公园里有许多林荫道。
an avenue to success, fame, etc 成功、成名等之路
Several avenues are open to us.
我们面前有几条可行之路。
We have explored every avenue.
我们已经探索过了各种途径。
[课文原句]：5th and Madison Avenues
1．the Renaissance 文艺复兴
[课文原句]：In the Renaissance, new ideas and values took the place of those that were held in the Middle Ages.
2．focus on 集中；聚焦于，对准
e.g.The scientist focused the telescope on the moon.
那位科学家将望远镜聚焦于月球。
Focus your attention on your work.
把你的注意力集中到工作上。
All eyes were focused on him.
所有的目光都集中在他身上。
[课文原句]People became focused more on humans and less on religion.
3．a great deal 大量
e.g.Mrs. Walker’s long illness cost her a great deal.
沃克太太长期生病，花费了许多钱。
He got a great deal of help.
他得到了许多帮助。
[课文原句]：In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal, from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one.
4．scores of 许多；大量
e.g.There are scores of people on the road.
路上有很多人。
[课文原句]：Nowadays, there are scores of modern art styles, but without the impressionists many of these painting styles would not exist.
5．in the flesh 活着的；本人
e.g.His appearance in the flesh ended the rumors about his death.
他亲自露面使传说他死亡的谣言不攻自灭。
I’ve got all her records but I’ve never seen her in the flesh.
我有她的所有唱片，却从未见过她本人。
[课文原句]：If Sam were here, he would be so excited about meeting a famous scholar in the flesh.
1．If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, people would not have been able to paint such realistic pictures.
[译文]如果没有发现透视法，人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画。
本句的谓语动词使用的是虚拟语气。
如果假设的情况不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。如：
If she were my daughter, I wouldn’t let her stay out the whole night.
如果她是我女儿，我就不会让她彻夜不归。
If I had had enough money, I would have bought a DV before traveling.
如果那时我有足够的钱，我会在旅行时买一部数码相机的。
2．In the Renaissance, new ideas and values took the place of those that were held in the Middle Ages.
[译文]在文艺复兴时期，新思想和价值观代替了中世纪的那些思想和价值观。
take the place of 代替；接替
e.g.No one can take the place of my own mother.
没有人能替代我自己的母亲。
He will take my place in the football team because I shall be absent.
他将在足球队中代替我，因为我届时将缺席。
Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.
在英国电气火车已取代了蒸汽火车。
that were held in the Middle Ages是定语从句修饰先行词those(ideas and values).
3．During the Renaissance oil paints were also developed, which made colours look richer and deeper.
[译文]文艺复兴时期，油画也有所发展，这让色彩看起来更浓厚了。
which made colours look richer and deeper 是非限制性定语从句。
4．Nowadays, there are scores of modern art styles, but without the impressionists many of these painting styles would not exist.
[译文]如今，出现了很多现代艺术风格，但是如果没有印象派，这些绘画风格都不可能存在。
scores of= a lot of
该句中的介词短语起了虚拟条件句的作用,因为假设的是现在的情况,所以主句中的谓语动词用的是“would+动词原形”的形式。此句相当于…but if there isn’t the impressionists, many of these painting styles would not exist.
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
If I were you, I'd take them away.
如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。
If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him.
如果我碰见了李华，我就告诉了他了。
If I had time. I could come to help you.
如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.
他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。
He speaks to us as if he had been there.
他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。
虚拟语气的用法
1．虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。
May you be happy.
祝你幸福。
May you have a good time.
祝愿你玩的痛快。
May the friendship between us last long.
祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
Have a good journey!
祝愿你旅途愉快！
You go out！
你出去！
2．虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest, order, insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望，要求。
I wish she would be on my side.
我希望她能站在我一边。
I wish I could help him.
我希望我能帮助他。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
动词demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should" 可以省略。
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3．虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形
It's necessary that we should have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so.
她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
4．虚拟语气用在状语从句中。
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在，过去和将来。（见002语法点拨）
wish的用法：
（1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
真实状况 wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作 现在时 过去时
（be的过去式为 were）
从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时 过去完成时
（had + 过去分词）
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +
动词原形
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
（2）Wish to do 表达法。
Wish sb / sth to do
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)
